![\"\"](\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-hub\/uploads\/sites\/204\/2019\/04\/poster-2-792x595.jpg\")
<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Executive Summary<\/strong> Introduction<\/strong> Description of Culminating Design<\/strong> <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Figure 1. Propulsion System Block Diagram<\/p>\n Buck Converter<\/strong> <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Figure 2. Buck Converter Block Diagram<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Figure 3. Buck Converter Simulink model Diagram<\/p>\n An IGBT transistor was chosen as a switch for the circuit due to its ability to Vout = D * Vin (eq1)<\/p>\n Where D represents the duty cycle. By controlling the duty cycle, the reference Buck Boost Converter<\/strong><\/p>\n To improve the power density of the drone\u2019s power system, Oculus theorized that <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Figure 4. Buck-Boost Converter Block Diagram<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Figure 5. Buck-Boost Simulink model Diagram<\/p>\n Due to three additional transistors, the circuit required a more complex controller <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Figure 6. Switching states of the buck-boost converter<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Oculus has developed a controller that can be used to control the circuit. The <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Figure 7. Control System of the Triple Hybrid Power System<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Figure 8. Selection mode<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Figure 9. PID Controller<\/p>\n DC-AC inverter and Motor:<\/strong> <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Figure 10. DC-AC inverter modeling <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Figure 11. AC Asynchronous Motor Modeling<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u00a0DC Motor Modeling<\/strong><\/p>\n To modeling a DC motor. The rotor and shaft are assumed to be rigid. Here is the physical circuit of a DC motor.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Addition information about DC motor can be found here\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Analysis, Modeling and Simulation Results, Beta Prototype Test Results:<\/b><\/p>\n Power System<\/b><\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Figure 12 . Voltage level across the system. <\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Using the reading in figure 13 , it has indicated that the overall system has achieved the main purpose, having an overall voltage around 22.5V. The buck converter has managed to step down the input from the fuel cell at 48V to 22.58V, which is within the 0.35% of the desired voltage level.<\/span><\/p>\n The buck boost converter has an average output voltage at 22.5V (figure 13) with 0-25V input from the supercapacitor, however, it is still very unstable due to out of tune PID controller. <\/span><\/p>\n The battery voltage level maintains around 22.5V, which is the desired voltage level. <\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Figure 13. The Voltage reading of buck boost converter<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n AC Motor<\/b><\/p>\n The results showed that each designed circuit and block achieved team purpose. The buck converter and buck-boost converter are working functionally, and the PWM for each converter successfully receives a signal and automatically controls the converter\u2019s mode. At this point, the voltage output of triple hybrid system can be stabilized to a voltage of 22.5Vdc. For the simulation results, team Oculus decided to monitor the stator current and rotor current to \u00a0protect the motor from burning out. Moreover, the rotor speed and electromagnetic torque are two factors that reflect the motor performance. According to [6], current in stator and rotor are ideally a sine wave because of AC motor. In addition, the initial condition of an AC motor running at a constant rotor speed is specifically 1500 rpm with a no load condition (figure 15). When a load has been added, the rotor shaft starts cracking and the rotor speed must drop to go back to steady state. The final rotor speed has to be smaller than the no load speed condition. The load torque applied to the machine\u2019s shaft is constant and is set to the nominal value of 1 N*m. The value of the machine\u2019s shaft nominal value would be considered small because it\u2019s easy to analyze the motor at a small value to avoid an output signal with an excess amount of noise. Simulation results are shown in the figures below. <\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Fig 14. Rotor current (top) and stator current (bottom) of AC motor (A). \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Fig 15. Rotor speed of AC motor (RPM)<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Fig 16. Electromagnetic torque of AC motor (N*m)<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n DC Motor<\/b><\/p>\n Result can be found here\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Beta Prototype Validation Results<\/b><\/p>\n Using the scope feature within Simulink, Oculus confirmed the overall output voltage to be \u00a022.5V. The voltage of 22.5V is defined as the desired voltage level, in order to match the design from Protonex. The buck converter is connected to the fuel cell to step down the voltage and \u00a0match the battery voltage. The two components will then in turn charge the supercapacitor. When the voltage of supercapacitor is greater than the overall voltage, the designed 4-switch buck-boost converter will then successfully step down the voltage using the buck mode of the buck-boost converter, with the help of \u00a0a PID controller. Pertaining to the output of the buck-boost converter, if the battery voltage is less than the voltage of supercapacitor, boost mode of the buck-boost converter will step up the voltage. The desired voltage at 22.5Vdc of the hybrid system output is the one factor to validate the system results. <\/span><\/p>\n As the report mentioned, the stator current and rotor current have to be a sine wave because of AC motor, and the zero to peak current for both stator and rotor current are 7.4Aac (figure 14). In a physical application, the team could choose a motor of rated current greater than 7.4Aac without risking a burn-out of the motors. A motor running at an initial condition of 1500 rpm, when adding a load, results in a rotor speed drop to 1437 rpm (figure 15). As the report indicated before, a no load rotor speed should be the maximum case. The nominal value of torque is 1 N*m (figure 16), the simulation results match the nominal torque. The Beta prototype simulation results have been validated and accepted. <\/span><\/p>\n Broader Impacts and Contemporary Issues<\/b><\/p>\n Around the global countries are trying to reduce their carbon footprint. There has been increasing efforts in finding alternative power sources for all types of vehicles, whether they\u2019re travelling by road, sea or air. The most common of alternative power sources would be that of solar and electrical power. However, researchers from different companies and universities have put money and time into researching the benefits of having hydrogen fuel as a power source.<\/span><\/p>\n According to the National Public Relations news website [7], Japan is embracing the technology of hydrogen fuel, and aims to create the first \u201chydrogen society\u201d. The article gives insight into the auto companies in Japan that have plans to have 40,000 fuel cell electric vehicles on the road, with a longer-term goal of 200,000 such vehicles in the next six years.<\/span><\/p>\n Amazon aims to cut shipment carbon footprint in half by 2030, according to <\/span>The Hill, <\/span><\/i>a US political website. Amazon relies heavily on shipping packages across the globe, and ultimately aims to make all shipments carbon neutral. Amazon\u2019s current plan to meet the carbon neutral goal, is by utilizing electric vans, using renewable energy sources such as solar power, and pushing more retailers to reuse packaging. They also hope the rise of aircraft biofuels will help aid in their plans.<\/span><\/p>\n Our plans for our liquid hydrogen fuel-cell-powered electric rotorcraft, will help Amazon in their goal to reduce their carbon footprint. Our power system for the electric rotorcraft is designed to extend the duration of flight to roughly 4 hours. In the event that we are successful in our design, Amazon can implement it to their future electric rotorcrafts, and be able to deliver packages to customers in a larger radius while reducing their carbon footprint.<\/span><\/p>\n According to the World Energy Council [8], decarbonization of energy usage is one of the biggest challenges facing industries globally. The report explains how the development of -based production and production processes in the industry can serve as a catalyst to substantial decarbonization of the economy as a whole.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/a>Ethical Issues Affiliated with this Design<\/strong><\/p>\n Over the past few years, surveillance drones have raised a lot of issues regarding privacy and civil liberties. Drones with advanced surveillance equipment are already in service by several law enforcement agencies to carry various activities such as live feed camera, thermal imaging to monitor US citizens. Several organizations such as the ACLU has done a lot of studies and concluded that addition laws are required to protect the citizen against unwarranted ariel surveillance. The current laws are not strong enough to ensure the technology will be used responsibly and consistently with our democratic values. In return, FAA approved new laws that would make the use of drone much easier for law enforcement agencies. \u00a0Fortunately, most of those drones, with the exception of fixed-wing UAVs, operated by the military, have limited flight time duration and can only fly for roughly 20 minutes at a time. Thus prevents agencies from overusing it to monitor the citizen, and forces them to use it only when necessary. Oculus\u2019s new propulsion design could effectively change that. Using hydrogen fuel, the surveillance capability of law enforcement could increase significantly. This might lead to police agencies abuse the technology and violate the privacy of the citizen.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/a>Engineering Economic Analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n The aerospace sector is heavily regulated in the United States and internationally due to security and potential safety concerns. All commercial and military aircraft must be certified as compliant to relevant safety standards by regulation body before it can fly [9]. Each electronic and electrical system design is to be verified, and physical testing is to be performed on the actual components. System output is also expected to be reviewed for the maintenance of traceability. Designs will undergo version control for all iterations and processes. Such required compliance often significantly increases the projected cost, leading to delays in production. To help minimize cost, aerospace companies often rely on model-based design. By streamlining these processes, defects can be detected during the development process, thereby preventing significantly rework and redocumentation. One of the most popular model-based design tools is Simulink. It is often considered to be the best design environment for complicated systems, and as such widely used by the aerospace sector [9]. Oculus\u2019s design is capable of being used by researchers towards hydrogen fuel cell applications, by companies such as Protonix helping to further development of the Hydrogen fuel cell system, or amazon, providing them with a new case-study alternative propulsion system for their delivery drones. Future engineering and researching teams will be able to share their models with others in a format which facilitates the meeting of complex requirements, thus prevent additional research and development costs.<\/p>\n Limitations and Recommendations<\/strong><\/p>\n Oculus still has limitations that could be improve by future teams. The first limitation would be due to the lack of computing capability of each members\u2019 computer systems. The buck-boost converter contains a closed loop PID controller that ran multiple different PWM signals simultaneously at a frequency of 60kHz. For 1 second of simulation, it took between 2 to 3.5 hours in real time for Oculus\u2019 s computers to run all the necessary computations, and 2 seconds of simulations is required to predict the system behavior. Thus, Oculus was unable to stabilize the buck-boost circuit. Fortunately, when running all three components in parallel, the entire system was able to stabilize the overall voltage, but the slow computation time is still an issue. The complete Beta Prototype needs to be running separately to provide the audience with a complete picture of the model.<\/p>\n The first part of the prototype is the triple hybrid power system and the second part is the DC-AC inverter, DC motor, and AC motor. To connect first part with the second part, the first part needs to achieve an output voltage of 22.5Vdc, and from there, team Oculus can use the 22.5Vdc output as a source input for part 2. Team Oculus can successfully run the simulation model in Simulink. The PID controller is not easy to turn, team Oculus spent lot of time turning parameters of PID controller. To stabilize the output torque, current and rotor speed, they had to find the correct parameters of the motor and those parameters depended on the system load, input voltage, an input torque. Team Oculus suggested that finding the desired motor for the system was required, and once the motor had been chosen, the RLC values of the motor could be determined in Simulink. Adding the PID controller to the AC motor allowed team Oculus to only consider changing the PID value, because the RLC values were fixed. Oculus recommends using a computer with additional computational RAM.<\/p>\n <\/a>Conclusions and Future Work<\/strong><\/p>\n In conclusion, the power system works as intended with the overall voltage across each component hovering around 22.5V. The system is still not completely stable, due to the limitation of available computational RAM. If provided better computers, Oculus would have been able to tune up the PID controllers and stabilized the system.<\/p>\n Comparing DC and AC motor behaviors, it was obvious that the DC motor needed more current to initiate the start of the load, which indicates that a larger sized motor was needed. The current of AC motor is 8A which is more acceptable, and with the same input voltage of 22.5Vdc an AC motor can run faster and more efficient.<\/p>\n For the future work of Oculus\u2019s model, there is still work to be done to tuned up and further the stabilization of the entire system, and a physical testbench will be needed to be built for additional research. Oculus has already purchase and acquired several physical components such as a battery, motors, ESCs, a buck converter, a buck boost converter and a controller for the buck-boost converter. With doing more research, the possibility of parameter matching of DC and AC motors will increase, which will result in the RLC values of two motors to be the same. In addition, the DC-AC inverter can apply close loop application if needed.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n
\nAn innovative design in aircraft propulsion for Unmanned Aircraft Vehicles (UAV)
\napplication using hydrogen fuel. Hydrogen fuel technology can assist in the effort of
\ndecarbonization of the world\u2019s economy. Team Oculus partnered with Washington State
\nUniversity (WSU) Aerospace Club and Senior Mechanical Engineering Capstone to help
\naddress Amazon\u2019s efforts in reducing their carbon footprint and the need for a longendurance electric flight. Oculus designed a working model in MATLAB Simulink that
\nexhibits the behavior of the hydrogen fuel cell power system. The model can be
\nconfigured to fit required specifications and determine whether the power applied is
\nsuitable to the load.<\/p>\n
\nThe electric rotorcraft delivery industry is at a tipping point. Amazon relies heavily on
\nshipping packages across the world, and one of their forms of delivery is the electric
\nrotorcraft, also commonly known as a drone. Amazon has recently completed tests of
\npackage delivery using conventional LIPO battery powered drones. Hydrogen fuel has a
\nvery high specific energy, which can extend the flight duration approximately 3-5 times
\nover regular LIPO battery powered drones on the market. This pairing of hydrogen and
\ndrones with Amazon is deliberate as Amazon already maintains liquid hydrogen storage
\ncapabilities at most fulfillment centers to tend hydrogen fuel cell forklift fleets. Oculus\u2019s
\ngoal for this project is to model a hydrogen fueled drone that can be configurable for
\nAmazon and other companies that are moving towards hydrogen fueled technology.<\/p>\n
\nOculus has developed a model in Simulink to create the power flow of the propulsion
\nsystem and to determine the suitability and sustainability of the 1kW fuel cell for
\npowering the drone. The input model is constructed using a triple hybrid power system,
\nand consist of the following: hydrogen fuel cell, a LIPO 6s battery and a supercapacitor.
\nVoltage regulators are connected to both the fuel cell and the supercapacitor to
\nautomatically maintain constant voltage output. The fuel cell will produce a constant and
\nsteady source of power to the load while in flight. The 6s LIPO battery will produce the
\ninstantaneous power needed to create the thrust for the drone\u2019s initial take-off. The
\nsupercapacitor can produce additional instantaneous power and absorb majority of the
\nload stress.<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-hub\/uploads\/sites\/204\/2019\/04\/blockdiagram-2.png\")
<\/p>\n
\nDue to the fuel cell having a much higher voltage than the battery, a buck
\nconverter design (figure 3) was chosen as a step-down unidirectional DC\/DC
\nconverter. Buck converter is a class of Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS) and
\ncould potentially provide a vastly high-power efficiency (90%) [1].<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-hub\/uploads\/sites\/204\/2019\/04\/buck.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-hub\/uploads\/sites\/204\/2019\/01\/3-1-792x206.png\")
<\/p>\n
\nhandle high current, and high power [2]. When the switch is on, the power supply
\nwill connect to the inductor and the diode becomes an open circuit. Where ton
\nrepresents the time the switch is on, T = ton = + toff and D is the duty cycle as
\nD =ton\/T. When the switch is off, the voltage across the diode will drop to zero,
\nthe diode shunts the connection between the inductor and ground.
\nThis led to two possible operating modes for the buck converter: continuous
\nmode and discontinuous mode. The continuous mode shows the behavior of the
\ncircuit during the off state as it falls and during the on state as it rises. The output
\nvoltage can be calculated by using the equation 1,<\/p>\n
\noutput voltage can be easily configured with a PID controller. However, during a
\ndiscontinuous mode, the behavior gets more complicated.
\nDuring the discontinuous mode, it common for a DC\/DC converter to have its
\ninductor current fall to zero. The inductor current will not persistent enough and
\nwill fall to zero before completing the cycle. When the peak inductor current
\nbecome less than the DC component, the diode turns on while the switch is off. If
\nthe peak of the inductor current is bigger than the DC component, the current will
\nfall to zero while the diode is conducting, and the inductor current will remain
\nzero until the switch is back on again. This condition often happens during the
\nlight-load condition, such as the moment before lift-off.
\nTo control the frequency and duty cycle of the buck converter, Oculus has
\ndesigned a simple PID controller (figure 9). The PID will monitor the overall
\n6
\nvoltage across all three power components and automatically regulate the
\nfrequency to maintain and stabilize voltage levels across the system. The PID
\ncontroller regulating the voltages will prevent damage to the fuel cell and the
\nbattery. The transfer function of the buck converter controller was calculated and
\nused to assist the PID.<\/p>\n
\nthe addition of a supercapacitor in parallel with the lipo-battery would reduce the
\namount of power the motors drain from the battery. The main function of a
\ncapacitor is to store electrical energy and then discharge the energy into to the
\ncircuit when necessary. A supercapacitor is a high-capacity capacitor and could
\npotentially store roughly 10 to 100 times more energy per unit volume or mass
\nthan the typical electrolytic capacitors [3]. The supercapacitor will accumulate the\u00a0 output energy from the lipo-battery and store
\nit until the system communicates to the supercapacitor to discharge the energy.
\nTo maintain the flow of energy being stored and discharged from the
\nsupercapacitor, Oculus decided to create a buck-boost converter to act as a
\nswitch for the supercapacitor to the battery. A buck-boost converter is a
\nbidirectional DC to DC converter. A bidirectional DC to DC converter allows the
\nflow of power to go in both directions, which means the circuit can feed power to
\nthe load and the load can feed the power back to the source.<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-hub\/uploads\/sites\/204\/2019\/04\/buckboost.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-hub\/uploads\/sites\/204\/2019\/03\/buckBoost4Sw-1-792x311.jpg\")
<\/p>\n
\ncompared to the previous design. The circuit operates on three different modes
\nwith four different switching states (figure 6).<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-hub\/uploads\/sites\/204\/2019\/03\/buckboostswitchingstate.png\")
<\/p>\n
\nmode selection circuit is a state machine that would detect the output voltage and
\ndecide which operation mode the circuit will run on by comparing it with the
\nreference voltage of 22.5<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-hub\/uploads\/sites\/204\/2019\/03\/BB-Controller-792x287.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-hub\/uploads\/sites\/204\/2019\/03\/selectionMode-792x387.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-hub\/uploads\/sites\/204\/2019\/04\/pulse.jpg\")
<\/p>\n
\nThe nominal output for the hydrogen fuel cell drone power system should have a
\nstator and rotor current of 8A, a rotor speed of 1438 rpm, and an electromagnetic
\ntorque of 1 N*m. To achieve the most efficient system, team Oculus decided to
\nuse an AC synchronous motor. The AC synchronous motor feeds 22.5Vac of
\nvoltage created by the DC to AC full bridge inverter, which is commonly known
\nas the Electrical Speed Controller (ESC) in the physical drone application. The
\nDC to AC inverter requires 22.5Vdc of voltage and converts to a three-phase
\nvoltage of 22.5Vac. The inverter uses a converter to stabilize the voltage level
\nand is made with 6 PWM controlled diodes. The model in Simulink uses an IGBT
\nas diode and can be controlled with a PWM controller [4]. A PWM controller is a
\npulse signal with a constant phase shift that includes 6 diodes controlled by 6
\nshifted pulse signals. Six diodes act as the switches by controlling the on and off
\nstates. The output voltage frequency can also be controlled [5]. In a physical
\ndrone application, an ESC can turn PWM controller automatically, hence, in
\nSimulink, team Oculus uses an open loop circuit instead of close loop circuit,
\nwhich can make a cleaner signal. The DC-AC inverter modeling is shown in Fig
\n10.<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-hub\/uploads\/sites\/204\/2019\/04\/dcac.jpg\")
<\/p>\n
\nAn AC synchronous motor is shown in fig 11, it is fed by a 3-phase voltage of
\n22.5Vac. A resistor in series is added to the transmission line to protect the motor
\n10
\nfrom burning out. By finding the correct motor parameters, team Oculus can turn
\neach motor parameter by experiment. For voltages under 22.5Vac or greater
\nthan 22.5Vac, the motor will not work.<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-hub\/uploads\/sites\/204\/2019\/04\/acmotor.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-hub\/uploads\/sites\/204\/2019\/01\/8.png\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-hub\/uploads\/sites\/204\/2019\/01\/8a.png\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-hub\/uploads\/sites\/204\/2019\/04\/ovrall.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-hub\/uploads\/sites\/204\/2019\/04\/boostvoltage.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-hub\/uploads\/sites\/204\/2019\/04\/accurrent.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-hub\/uploads\/sites\/204\/2019\/04\/rotorspeed.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/wp-hub\/uploads\/sites\/204\/2019\/04\/emTorque.jpg\")
<\/p>\n